UMBRELLA
PROTOCOL
OF
THE ALGO=
NQUINS
OF PIKWÀKANAGÀN
FOR THE
MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
IN UNCED=
ED
Prepared=
for :
The Algo=
nquins
of Pikwàkanagàn
Prepared=
by;
Ken Sway=
ze and
Ian Badgley
Kinickin=
ick
Heritage Consultants
R.R. #5,=
Adopted =
by
Pikwakanagan Council
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction..........................................=
...........................................................................=
1
2.0 Objectives..........................................=
...........................................................................=
.. 2
3.0 Geographic Scope
4.0 Definitions..........................................=
...........................................................................=
.. 3
5.0 General Principles=
..........................................=
.................................................................. 5=
6.0 Ethical Considerat=
ions..........................................=
............................................................ 5
6.1 Consultation= ..........................................= ................................................................. 6<= o:p>
6.2 Assessment of
Significance........................=
.............................................................. 6
6.3 Repatriation=
..........................................=
.................................................................. 7=
6.4 Human Remain=
s..........................................=
............................................................ 7
7.0 Archaeology and Un=
ceded
7.1 Aboriginal
Rights and Federal Legislation......=
.......................................................... 8
7.2 The <=
st1:State>
7.3 Compliance
Archaeology in
8.0 Operational Guidel=
ines..........................................=
......................................................... 12
8.1 Acquisition =
of
Existing Archaeological Data........=
................................................... 12
8.2 Acquisition =
of
Archaeological Project Information..=
................................................ 12
8.3 Archaeologic=
al
Data Management and Access..........=
............................................ 13
8.4 Review and A=
ssessment
of Archaeological Data..............=
...................................... 13
8.5 Archaeologic=
al
Recommendations.....................=
.................................................... 13
9.0 Mechanisms for
Guidelines Compliance...............=
........................................................... 15
10.0 The
Pikwàkanagàn Algonquin Archaeological Rep=
ository :
An Overview...................... 15
Figures
Figure 1. Algonquin=
s of Pikwàkanagàn “ Land ”
Fi=
gure 2. Fieldwork Stages in
Figure 3. &n= bsp; Schematic Outline: Pikwàkanag&ag= rave;n Algonquin Guidelines for
&nbs=
p; &=
nbsp; Archaeological
Resource Management.................=
.............................................. 14
1.0 Introduction
The present working pr=
otocol
provides a technical framework for the full involvement of the Algonquins of
Pikwàkanagàn in the management of the archaeological resources
occurring in un-ceded Algonquin territory.=
It consists of proactive guidelines for the protection, conservation=
and
use of these resources according to Algonquin cultural perspectives. These
guidelines are intended to ensure that the Algonquins of
Pikwàkangàn are notified in a timely fashion of all
archaeological activities, discoveries and recommendations in this territory
and are actively involved in making recommendations concerning these activi=
ties
and discoveries. This protocol is expected to guide all individuals and
agencies in their working relationship with the Algonquins of
Pikwàkanagàn during the conduct of archaeological research in
unceded Algonquin territory.
This protocol marks the first phase of a broader
process designed to meet the needs and priorities of the Algonquins of
Pikwàkanagàn in the stewardship of their archaeological
resources. One of its goals is to initiate dialogue with the relevant
government agencies in order to respond to these needs and priorities. It is
also intended to lay the groundwork for the future development of an
archaeological repository in Pikwàkangàn, which will provide =
a permanent
home for Algonquin archaeological collections and allow this First Nation
direct access to this heritage information for cultural, educational and ot=
her
purposes. As noted in the “Vision Statement” of the Algonquins =
of
Pikwàkanagàn, “Ours is a First Nation where the People
honour and foster pride in our Algonquin identity and culture. Our People
assume their full responsibility for the celebration, knowledge, preservati=
on
and transmission of our culture, its spirituality, beliefs, language, value=
s,
traditions and teachings.” As
the Algonquin Nation recognizes archaeological resources as representing the
physical manifestation of ancestral lifeways, traditional values and knowle=
dge,
the management of these resources in terms of Algonquin interests, policies=
and
guidelines is considered to be of utmost importance.
This pro=
tocol is
an “umbrella” protocol. It is designed to accommodate the
relationships between the Algonquins and the governments of
This
Protocol is without prejudice to any Treaty negotiations involving t=
he
Algonquins.
2.0 Objectives
The objectives of this
working protocol are :
· The protection and the preservation of Algonquin heritage;
· To provide a framework and a basis for the development of further specific protocols with different parties taking into consideration differe= nt circumstances;
· To provide a framework for respectful and open communications betwe= en the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn, hereinafter referred to as the “Algonquins”, and all parties involved in the conduct of archaeological activities in unceded Algonquin territory;
·
To provide means for the direct and active participation of the
Algonquins in all aspects of the archaeological field activities in this
territory;
·
To provide the Algonquins the means of directly contacting the
individuals or spokespersons of the parties involved in these activities;
·
To identify issues and conformance requirements under the Heritage Act and Aboriginal Rights=
, and
to assure that actions respecting due diligence are undertaken as required;=
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To outline and consider mechanisms that will ensure compliance
enforcement and reporting;
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To provide mutually-acceptable methods for dealing with specific is=
sues
or unforeseen discoveries during the conduct of archaeological work and
excavation on unceded Algonquin lands;
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To provide for learning materials and educational experiences for a=
ll parties
involved, especially the Algonquins.
3.0 Geographic Scope
The unceded Algonquin territory occupies the adjacent portions of
eastern Ontario and
western Quebec June 6, 1835 , as =
follows :
…we and our Ancestors have
immemorially, or from the remotest Antiquity, held, used, occupied, possess=
ed,
and enjoyed as Hunting Grounds the Tract of Land lying on either Side of the
River Ottawa and the Little Rivers as far as Lake Nipissing, that is to say,
comprehending both Banks of the River Ottawa and of the River Matawangue,
called by the Voyageurs the Little River, to the Height of Land separating =
the
Waters of the Lake Nipissing from those of the Little River, together with =
the
Countries Watered by several tributary streams of the River Ottawa and the
Little Rivers running North and South from their Sources. The above tract of
land is bounded to the southward by a ridge of land separating the waters w=
hich
fall into the Lakes and the
As noted=
above,
this protocol currently applies only to unceded Algonquin territory south of
Kichi-Sipi (Figure 1). The Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat Web site for =
the
Algonquin land claim identifies the northern boundary of this portion of th=
e territory as
following the
4.0
Definitions
The archaeological terms and concepts used in th=
is
document are based primarily on the definitions provided in the Environment
Canada Parks Service Guidelines for=
the
Management of Archaeological Resources in the Canadian Parks Service (1=
993)
and the Canadian Archaeological Association position paper Principles of Ethical Conduct:
“Comprehensive Consultation of the Algonqu=
ins
of Pikwakanagan”: The Algonquins will
be fully involved, from the beginning, in the development of every proc=
ess,
policy, procedure, regulation, decision, etc., that will in any way affect any of our Algonquin people, property, Rights,
Traditions and/or Way of Life.
“Archaeological site”: the surface
vestige or subsurface or submerged remains of human activity at which an
understanding of these activities and the management of these resources can=
be
achieved through the application of archaeological techniques. Aboriginal
archaeological sites known to occur in unceded Algonquin territory include
human burials and grave sites, a wide variety of campsites, quarry sites and
lithic scatters related to raw material procurement and tool manufacturing,=
and
sites of “special function” .
“Archaeological artifact”: an object=
, or
a component or a fragment of an object that was made or used by humans.
“Archaeological records”: notes,
drawings, photographs, plans, computer databases, reports and any other
audio-visual materials related to the archaeological investigation of a sit=
e.
![](3D"UmbrellaProtocolforArchaeology_files/image001.jpg")
“Archaeological collection=
221;:
archaeological artifacts and associated archaeological records.
“Archaeological resource”: an archae=
ological
site and its associated archaeological collection.
“Stewardship”: involves having
respectful care for, promoting and ensuring the protection and conservation=
of
archaeological resources.
5.0 Gene=
ral
Principles
=
·
The Aboriginal archaeological resources occurring in un-ceded Algon=
quin
territory constitute a record of Algonquin land use and occupancy through t=
ime
and, thus, represent the cultural and historical heritage of Algonquin soci=
ety.
The special relationship of the Algonquins with these resources need be
recognized and expressed in terms of rights and responsibilities for their
stewardship.
=
·
The Aboriginal archaeological resources occurring in unceded Algonq=
uin
territory are of spiritual, cultural and educational value to the Algonquin=
s.
Accordingly, the protection and conservation of archaeological sites and
artifacts in the territory is of highest importance to this First Nation an=
d to
Algonquins in general.
·
Recognizing the cultural and spiritual links that exist between
Aboriginal people and archaeological resources, the direct and active
involvement of the Algonquins in the management of these resources in unced=
ed
Algonquin territory is both desirable and necessary. This recognition and
involvement extends, as well, to sacred sites and places, including human
burial and grave sites.
·
There is a genuine and urgent need to establish an appropriate
repository facility in Pikwàkanagàn, for the management and
conservation of Aboriginal archaeological collections recovered from unceded
Algonquin territory, and which will allow this First Nation full access to =
the
information contained in and associated with these collections.
6.0 Ethi=
cal
Considerations
Four basic ethical considerations are identified=
as
being of critical importance to the development of this protocol. These are:
effective consultation with the Algonquins concerning the conduct and resul=
ts
of archaeological fieldwork in the unceded Algonquin territory pertaining to
this First Nation; assessment of the significance of archaeological findings
resulting from fieldwork; the repatriation of archaeological materials
recovered from field activities carried out in the territory; and the quest=
ion
of human remains.
6.1
Consultation
Consultation with Aboriginal Nations regarding their
archaeological concerns and interests has been unevenly applied throughout =
It is the position of the Algonquins that comprehens= ive consultation is key to their effective involveme= nt in the management of archaeological resources in unceded Algonquin territory. = This position is supported by the Statem= ent of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples adopted= in 1996 by the Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA). Among the principles promulgated in this Statement, = the members of the CAA agree to negotiate and respect protocols, developed= in consultation with Aboriginal people, relating to the conduct of archaeologi= cal activities dealing with Aboriginal culture, and to communicate the results = of archaeological investigations to these communities in a timely and accessib= le manner. Other principles agreed to by the CAA members include encouraging partnerships with Aboriginal people in archaeological research, management = and education based on the mutual sharing of knowledge and expertise, support f= or formal training programs in archaeology for Aboriginal people and respect of protocols governing the removal, curation and reburial of human remains and associated objects.
The consultation process needs to be designed not on= ly to provide the Algonquins all relevant archaeological information but to encou= rage their active involvement in all major aspects of the planning and conduct of archaeological field activities. This process must also be sufficiently flexible, so as to accommodate potential problems that may arise from the involvement of this First Nation in making decisions about archaeological matters. Such problems include jurisdiction over land, the sharing and co-management of resources and the establishment of formal procedures for t= he recognition and application of traditional knowledge, including Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK).
6.2 Assessm= ent of Archaeological Significance
The assessment of the significance of archaeological= resources in unceded Algonquin territory by non-Aboriginal archaeologists may not alw= ays be consistent with the interests of the Algonquins. Although parties from different cultures may agree to deal with each other with respect, openness= and in good faith, it is not unreasonable to expect that individuals from these cultures will perceive the same set of circumstances in different ways. Ind= eed, it may be expected that these individuals, examining the same data, will of= ten reach different conclusions.
Assessment of the significance of the archaeological resources in unceded Algonquin territory in terms meaningful to the Algonqu= in Nation is integral to the stewardship of these resources. Accordingly, in o= rder to assure full consideration of Algonquin archaeological interests and concerns, it is imperative that the Algonquins be involved in the evaluatio= n of these resources. This involvement is not meant to relegate or dismiss the assessment of “scientific” importance but, instead, places Algonquin perspectives on an equal footing in determining the overall “cultural” significance of archaeological sites and collections= . It also has the added benefit of broadening the base of the assessment criteria through the incorporation of a wide range of cultural heritage knowledge. T= his knowledge includes traditional knowledge of locations used for resource exploitation, ceremonial activities, religious and sacred sites and places, recognized landscape features, past occupation sites and other locations of significance to the Algonquins.
6.3 Repatri= ation
Ownership of and responsibility =
for all Aboriginal artifacts
currently lying undisturbed within unceded
The repatriation of archaeological collections to Aboriginal groups is an administratively complex issue involving a number of potential difficulties. One such difficulty is the determination of the cultural affiliation of the archaeological collections in question. Affilia= tion can usually be established, however, through existing museum documentation = or, alternately, the traditional history or land claims outlined by the Aborigi= nal group concerned. The successful use of the latter two approaches resides, in some measure, on the perception of cultural continuity through time of land= use and occupancy based on archaeological data.
The repatriation of archaeological collections recov=
ered
from unceded Algonquin territory in
6.4 Human R= emains
Canadian museums have generally adopted a conciliato= ry approach to repatriation process, particularly as concerns the return of hu= man remains and associated objects. In these cases, museums have recognized repatriation as an opportunity for growth through the development of new relationships with Aboriginal people.
Aside from the repatriation of Aboriginal human rema=
ins
currently housed in museums and other institutions, the discovery of Aborig=
inal
burials and graves through the conduct of archaeological activities in un-c=
eded
Algonquin territory is a particularly sensitive issue and requires special
consideration. In all instances, the treatment of burials and graves will be
carried out taking into account the regulations and protocols established u=
nder
the Cemeteries Act of the Ontar=
io
Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations and the Heritage Act of the Ministry of Culture. These regulations and
protocols notwithstanding, the Algonquins reserve the exclusive right to
determine the manner in which Aboriginal human remains found in the
7.0 Archaeo=
logy and
Unceded
7.1 Aborigi=
nal
Rights and Federal Legislation
Aboriginal consensus in
The right of stewardship and control over our he=
ritage
resources and archaeological resources, occurring within the ancestral
territory of a given First Nation is another issue frequently included in
recent land claim settlements and treaties. The inclusion of Section 33:
Archaeology in =
The Agreement Between the Inuit of the
Various sections in two federal government Acts =
of
national application are, nonetheless, of potential importance to such righ=
ts.
These are Sections 88 and 91 of the Indian
Act and Sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution
Act, 1982. Although the Constit=
ution
Act refers in several instances to Aboriginal rights, it neither lists =
nor
defines these rights.
Section 91 of the Indian Act prohibits any individual, without the written consen=
t of
the Minister, from acquiring title to certain properties that, depending on
their physical context, could represent archaeological sites and artifacts.=
As
cited in the Act, these propert=
ies
are Indian grave houses, carved grave poles, totem poles, carved house p=
osts
and rocks embellished with paintings or carvings. Section 91 also prohibits=
any
individual from removing, damaging or destroying these properties without t=
he
written consent of the Minister and imposes penalties on any person found
contravening this section.
Section 88 results from the 1951 revision of the=
Indian Act and incorporates provin=
cial
law into the legal regime of the Ac=
t:
|
|
Subject to the terms=
of any
treaty and any other Act of Parliament, all laws of general application f=
rom
time to time in force in any province are applicable to and in respect of
Indians in the province, except to the extent that those laws are
inconsistent with this Act or any order, rule, regulation or by-law made
thereunder, and except to the extent that those laws make provision for a=
ny
matter for which provision is made by or under this Act. R.S., c. I-6, s. 88.=
|
Thus, whenever, provincial laws deal with subjec=
ts
not covered by the Indian Act, =
and as
long as these laws are “laws of general application” and are not
contrary to existing treaty provisions or the regulations of the Indian Act, then these laws can ap=
ply to
Indians on reserve land.
Section 25 of the Constituti=
on
Act, 1982, affirms that:
The guarantee in this
Charter [of Rights] of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed s=
o as
to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or free=
doms
that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
(a) any rights or freedoms that have =
been
recognized by the Royal Proclamation of
(b) any rights or freedoms that now e=
xist
by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
In addition to defining the Aboriginal peoples o=
f
7.2 The =
The Stat=
ement
of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples adop=
ted
by the Canadian Archaeological Association in 1996 incorporated regional re=
ports
drafted by the members of the Association’s Aboriginal Heritage
Committee. The following summary of the
The preamble of the
First Nations and other
Aboriginal peoples, who are stewards of lands and waters, culture and
traditions and who have a special responsibility given to them by the Creat=
or
to protect, conserve and enhance this heritage for the benefit of present a=
nd
future generations, have their rights recognized and affirmed by s. 35 of t=
he
Constitution Act, 1982. (Heritage A=
ct,
p. 2)
=
This is intended to acknowledge the inherent right to self-government and to recognize that Aboriginal rights are protected under= the federal charter. Also, Section 2d of the Heritage Act, explicitly recognizes "the interests and responsibilities of First Nations and other Aboriginal peoples in the conservation and stewards= hip of heritage", while Section 3.3 acknowledges that application of the Act must be consistent with Treaty= and Aboriginal rights recognized and confirmed by s.35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Other sections of the Act allow the provincial government and municipal councils to e=
nter
into agreements for heritage conservation purposes with any First Nation. T=
oo,
in explicit recognition of Aboriginal people as stewards of the land as sta=
ted
in the preamble, First Nations, along with the Crown, conservation authorit=
ies,
municipal councils, and any public body, are given the power to enter herit=
age
covenants or easements with land owners.
Ownership of artifacts, or "heritage objects&qu= ot;, pertaining to artifacts found on "protected heritage sites" is briefly addressed. The Crown asserts its ownership of "all heritage objects, except in cases where a true owner is established". In those cases, "the Minister may enter into agreement with First Nations regar= ding the conservation, management and disposition of heritage artifacts". <= /p>
7.3 Complia=
nce
Archaeology in
Compliance archaeology links archaeological impact
assessment to economic development in
Based on the continuing economic growth of this area= , it is sure that the vast majority of the archaeological field projects that wi= ll be undertaken within the foreseeable future in the territory will also be carried out within this context.
The Ontario Ministry of Culture’s archaeologic= al licensing system is based on four stages of fieldwork. As summarized in Fig= ure 2, the purpose of the Stage 1 background study is to clarify the archaeolog= ical potential of a given property without collecting artifacts, while Stages 2 = and 3 are focused on artifact recovery, in order to identify and to assess in detail archaeological sites occurring on the property. The ultimate goal of= the assessment is to protect and conserve identified archaeological sites from = the impacts of the proposed development of the property. However, if an archaeological site cannot be protected undisturbed from the development as planned, then Stage 4 mitigation work may involve the removal of the site or part of the site through controlled salvage excavation.
Figure 2. Fieldwork Stage=
s in
|
Stage 1 |
Background Study : · &nbs= p; Review land use history and present condit= ion of property, and conduct a preliminary inspection visit (no artifact collection) |
|
Stage 2 |
Property Assessment : · &nbs= p; Conduct a pedestrian (surface) survey or t= est pit survey to identify all archaeological sites on the property. |
|
Stage 3 |
Site-specific Assessment : · &nbs= p; Conduct detailed investigation of archaeological sites (if found at Stage 2), including recording the locat= ion of artifacts and land features, and test unit excavation |
|
Stage 4 |
Mitigation : · &nbs= p; Excavate and document archaeological sites= or develop strategies to preserve them undisturbed. |
&nbs=
p; &=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; &=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; &=
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span
class=3DGramE>Sou=
rce : Archaeology Customer Service Project, Ministry of Culture, 2003=
The archaeological= consultant holding the licence is responsible for submitting a technical report to the Ministry of Culture describing the fieldwork carried out and the results obtained. The ministry’s authorization for each successive stage of fieldwork is based mainly on its evaluation of the recommendations presente= d in the report of the preceding stage. In general, the recommendations of the licence-holder are usually accepted by the ministry, and may or may not lea= d to further fieldwork on the property. If archaeological sites identified during Stage 2 activities are not physically threatened by proposed development wo= rk or are assessed as being of low importance, then no recommendation will be made, in theory, for the conduct of Stage 3. Similarly, the results of a St= age 3 assessment may be considered by the licence-holder to satisfy mitigation requirements, thereby precluding recommendations for Stage 4 rescue of the site. In addition to reporting field activities, results and recommendation= s, the licence-holder is also responsible for storing and maintaining the archaeological collections recovered, in a facility consistent with the provisions of the Heritage Act.=
With respect to fe= derally managed lands (i.e.: military bases, Parks Canada locations, National Capit= al Commission locations) there are no uniform policies or procedures. In fact, in the fed= eral government only Parks Canada has laws, regulations and stated policies which govern its management of archaeological resources. The Algonquins intend to establish formal relationships with federal departments and agencies concer= ning archaeology.
8.0 Operational Guidelines
The principle oper= ational guidelines to be employed by the Algonquins in the management of the archaeological resources in unceded Algonquin territory are illustrated in Figure 3. Since archaeological resource management already consists of a set of= widely accepted practices identified as part of general policy for cultural herita= ge management, these guidelines do not introduce any new practices to the management process. They do, however, modify the process in order to accommodate the archaeological interests and priorities of the Algonquins in the management of their archaeological resources.
8.1 Acquisition of Exi= sting Archaeological Data
The first step in = the development of tools for the management of archaeological resources by the Algonquins involves the electronic transmission to this First Nation of the archaeological records in the Ontario Ministry of Culture for all archaeological sites registered in unceded Algonquin territory. These recor= ds will include all Borden Code information, site reports and artifact catalog= ues, as well as all existing map bases and other visual materials related to site investigations. This guideline also applies to all federal government departments and agencies that have conducted archaeological field projects = in unceded Algonquin territory. The database will be updated annually and incl= ude all new data from the territory received by provincial and federal governme= nt agencies over the course of the year.
8.2 Acquisition of Archaeological Project Information
All archaeological consultants and researchers carrying out field projects in unceded Algonquin territory will be instructed by the Ontario Ministry of Culture to provide = the Algonquins all technical information about these projects. This requirement applies to compliance archaeology as well as to ‘scientific’ research projects carried out by government and other agencies. The information will be transmitte= d to the Algonquins both prior to the initiation of field activities and on completion of these activities. The timely receipt of such information is of particular importance to the prompt review and assessment of the data, especially as concerns any recommendations that are presented in compliance archaeology reports. All information received will be automatically added to the archaeological database maintained in Pikwàkanagàn.
In addition, any d= iscovery of human remains during the conduct of archaeological field activities in t= he territory will be immediately reported to the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn. Without exception, work stoppage will be automa= tic and the context controlled until investigations by the appropriate agencies= are completed. In all cases, the treatment of human remains will be in accordan= ce with the the procedures outlined in the Cemeteries Act.
8.3 Archaeological Data Management and Access
All archaeological= records and project information transmitted to the Algonquins will be stored in compatible computer programs and Geographic Information Systems map bases. = An Algonquin Archaeological Resource Manager, to be appointed by the Council of the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn, will be responsible for the maintenance of and access to this database. The archaeological data maintai= ned in Pikwàkanagàn will normally be held in strict confidentiali= ty. Although reserved mainly for consultation by local Algonquin agencies, provisions may be made allowing students, researchers and other interested parties temporary access to the data for study purposes.
8.4 Review and Assessment of Archaeological Data
The archaeological= project information transmitted to the Algonquins will be reviewed and assessed at regular intervals by a standing committee selected by the Council. This work will focus on the evaluation of the information and recommendations contain= ed in the field reports received in terms of Algonquin interests and prioritie= s in archaeology. Where possible, evaluation of the significance of the archaeological sites reported will take into consideration Algonquin cultur= al heritage knowledge, including traditional knowledge, TEK and past land use = and occupancy. This heritage information will be processed and stored in a mann= er compatible with its integration into the archaeological database.
8.5 Archaeological Recommendations
If the Algonquin archaeological standing committee deems it necessary, then recommendations = may be prepared by that committee for any archaeological field project carried = out in unceded Algonquin territory. These recommendations will be presented to = the Council of the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn for discussion and approval/rejection. Following the Council’s decision, they will then = be forwarded to the appropriate provincial ministry/agency (or the relevant federal department/agency) and to the archaeological licence-holder concern= ed.
If Algonquin archaeological recommendations agree with those of the licence-holder concerning the cessation of fieldwork following the completion of Stage 2 o= r 3, then the consultation process may be considered to have been satisfied and = no further action taken. However, as Algonquin archaeological recommendations = will be based on Algonquin interests and priorities in archaeology, it is the position of the Algonquins that these recommendations supercede in importan= ce recommendations presented by the archaeological licence-holder. For instance, while an archaeologi= cal consultant may not recommend the implementation of Stage 3 fieldwork at a certain site based on the assessment of Stage 2 results, Algonquin evaluati= on of the available data in terms of Algonquin archaeological interests may indicate that further research at this site is desirable. Alternately, in t= he case of sites of sacred or spiritual significance to the Algonquin Nation, recommendations by the licence-holder for the conduct of additional researc= h at the site may not agree with Algonquin recommendations for its in situ preservation.
![](3D"UmbrellaProtocolforArchaeology_files/image003.jpg")
9.0 Mechanisms for Guidelines Compliance
This = protocol provides a comprehensive framework for the practical involvement of the Algonquins in the management of the archaeological resources in unceded Alg= onquin territory. As a management tool, it incorporates Algonquin cultural interes= ts, values and knowledge into the assessment and interpretation of archaeologic= al resources and stresses Algonquin priorities concerning the protection, preservation and use of these resources. As such, it constitutes a solid ba= se for the establishment of a new working partnership with government regarding heritage matters, and for the development of productive collaboration with = the archaeological community. For example, it is expected that, following agree= ment to this protocol, the inclusion of its guidelines will be standard in all provincial and federal government contracts for archaeological work in unce= ded Algonquin territory. The Algonquins believe that the archaeologists working= in unceded Algonquin territory will readily accept this protocol once they are made aware of its purposes and intentions.
Partn=
ership
with government will be instrumental in notifying the archaeological commun=
ity
about the protocol. On the one hand, the Ontario Ministry of Culture could =
be
called upon to mail a summary of the protocol to all archaeologists current=
ly
holding licences for archaeological work in
Measu= ring compliance with the protocol will also involve partnership with government. This could be done through annual digital updating of the archaeological records maintained in Pikwàkanagàn. Cross-referencing of the information received from the Ministry of Culture with the archaeological project documents received by the Algonquins would allow the identification= of archaeologist who have failed to take the protoc= ol guidelines into consideration. These individuals could then be contacted by= the Ministry, on behalf of the Algonquins, and advised of the desirability of complying with the protocol in future projects.
10.0 The
Pikwàkanagàn Algonquin Archaeological Rep=
ository :
An Overview
The Algonquin archaeological artifact repository pro= posed by the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagan demonstrates the clear interest and willingness of this First Nation to undertake the stewardship of its local = and regional archaeological resources and to develop the appropriate tools for = the protection and sustained management of these resources. Each archaeological site and artifact collection represents a potentially important source of information about the past. As new archaeological data is recovered from unceded Algonquin territory, new questions are emerging about ancestral Algonquin adaptations that require the examination and re-examination of th= ese collections. Moreover, review of the archaeological collections and their associated records in the repository will greatly facilitate the assessment= of archaeological information in terms of Algonquin cultural values and priorities. The materials contained in these collections will also serve for the development of educational programs, such as artifact exhibits, study collections and teaching aids. In addition to contributing to ‘scientific’ interpretations, these programs will be of direct benefit to the present and future Algonquin generations through the enhance= ment of cultural awareness and increased respect for traditional practices, valu= es and accomplishments.
The proposed repository will consist of a not-for-pr= ofit facility designed and properly equipped to see to the long-term care, maintenance and research of archaeological artifact collections recovered f= rom unceded Algonquin territory. Its main functions will be to curate (house and store), conserve (repair and restore) and manage these collections in a sec= ure environment with appropriate temperature, humidity and light control. Repositories are more archival in nature than museums, whose main purpose i= s to use objects from collections to illustrate historical or artistic themes. In this sense, the proposed repository facility could serve as a centre for the preservation of traditional knowledge, including intangible cultural herita= ge resources, place-names and language, historical photo archives and library resources.
An Algonquin archaeological consulting company c=
ould
also be based in the repository. This for-profit business would be focused =
on
conducting compliance archaeology projects in accordance with the Ministry =
of
Culture technical guidelines: Stages 1 through 3 pre-development assessments
and, when necessary, Stage 4 impact mitigation or rescue excavations. Other
activities that could be undertaken by the company in concert with the
repository would include: the organization and conduct of archaeological fi=
eld
schools for Algonquins; the planning and execution of community-oriented
research projects; and the development and presentation of cultural heritage
tourism products and educational experiences. One the main goals of the
Algonquin archaeological consulting company will be to support and assist t=
he
training of
professional Algonquin archaeologist capable of managing independently the
archaeological resources in unceded Algonquin territory. Other heritage
business ventures that could be housed in the repository include conservati=
on
services for the repair and restoration of artifacts (from other repositori=
es),
regalia and art objects.
The repository will employ the Algonquin
Archaeological Resource Manager, who will act on a full-time basis as curat=
or
for the accession and management of the collections. This individual will be
assisted by a number of part-time staff experienced in current technology, =
as
required for the processing of new collections and data. The development of=
the
repository will be accompanied by the development and implementation by the
Algonquins of adequate long-term care and researcher access policies.
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